Research methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Examination strategies - Essay Example Burnout at work can occur for various reasons and in various conditions. It typically happens when individuals are giving a lot at their working environment and getting next to no consequently. The little return could be the nonappearance of thanks, prizes, and social cooperations (Schaufeli and Enzmann, 1998) Research propose that negative evaluations at work for the most part lead to a phase where representatives begin feeling burnout and experience the ill effects of the idea that they can’t offer any longer to their occupations. The negative examinations could be from chiefs just as partners. Representatives understand left from rest of the working environment associates after such examination and feel let down.(Kohan and Mazmanian, 2003) One of the investigates in human assistance division extending 5 years and including 2,391 representatives from all pieces of the callings discovered some fascinating realities about work copy out. The examination found that there can be three sorts of work burnout; they are identified with work, client, and individual life. A few callings had work burnout because of office related remaining burden and stress, others calling in which connection with clients was immediate and everyday schedule had client related burnout, last however not the least; individual burnout occurs in all callings of human assistance segment. The examination additionally discovered a few punishments because of burnout which included poor state of being, low occupation fulfillment and non-participation at work. These results extended from passionate to physical harm contingent upon the circumstance. (Borritz et al., 2006) It is prominent that the issues at working environment are brought about by additional remaining task at hand as well as by less thankfulness and low feeling of achievement. This typically prompts mental issues, much of the time individuals quit their employments or take early retirement so as to get their life back. (Bottom , 1993) It was clarified in an examination the passionate weariness is one of the key reasons why individuals feel burnout at employments. Associations neglect to understand that

4-MAT Book Review Essay

Conceptual Wheelan (2013) recognizes the four phases of group advancement and gives point by point clarification of how a gathering changes itself from a phase one gathering of vulnerability into a fruitful, profoundly profitable stage four group. This requires work and an intensive comprehension of the numerous inward/outer impacts that can happen during each stage. A colleague or pioneer who is knowledgeable in these stages and who can develop with each stage will be better furnished to manage potential obstructions that can thwart bunch progress and execute practices to help the gathering effectively work through a specific stage. The objective is for the gathering to turn into a group that will esteem the significance of everyone’s commitment inside the gathering and how it identifies with the general capacity of the gathering to effectively achieve the mission. As this is accomplished, the work will no longer feel like an errand as colleagues support, rouse, and have a ton of fun fi nishing undertakings and accomplishing the ideal result (Wheelan, 2013). In the main phase of gathering advancement, named reliance and incorporation, colleagues are needy upon the assigned pioneer to give a feeling of having a place and with make a situation where individuals have a sense of security enough to propose new thoughts (Wheelan, 2013). The general objective of stage one gathering improvement is the capacity to make a sheltered and comprehensive condition for all individuals as some may encounter certain conduct qualities related with sentiments of uncertainty and a need to feel remembered for the gathering. Stage one individuals may feel fearful about sharing their thoughts until they feel that the earth is protected to share and that their info is esteemed (Wheelan, 2013). As individuals work through the gathering one phase, they will turn out to be increasingly positive about their job and start to depend less in the group chief for input. Moreover, bunch individuals will start to straightforwardly share their thoughts, which thus may make struggle inside the gathering as various perspectives and qualities will start to be tested among bunch individuals. Albeit awkward, this possibly unpredictable however important piece of stage two gathering improvement will prompt an expanded trust among bunch individuals. Wheelan (2013) clarifies, â€Å"Only through compromise and the improvement of a brought together perspective on the group’s reason and procedures can genuine coordinated effort be achieved† (p. 28). During stage two gathering advancement, the group head and group members’ capacity to oversee compromise will decide if the gathering succeeds or falls flat. During stage three, individuals from the gathering focus in and start to concentrate on the main job. Consciences are left behind colleagues start to detect a more clear image of individual and group objectives and correspondence turns out to be more assignment situated (Wheelan, 2013). As stage three gatherings create, efficiency is expanded and connections are fortified as the gathering would now be able to move to arrange four effectively on the off chance that they proceed to oversee and alter group jobs and obligations, resolve strife, and get useful analysis with a receptive outlook. Solid Response As an adolescent chief, I was entrusted with framing a service group to work with school-matured youngsters running in ages from 8 to 19 years old. As a District Fire Chief for a huge local group of fire-fighters, I accepted that this assignment would be like shaping a group that reacts to crisis calls; in any case, there were a few things that I would ignore at first that would end up being difficult learning open doors as I advanced through my service group building experience. Initially, and presumably generally significant, was the way that I expected that everybody presenting with me had an away from of what our objective was as youth pioneers; to share the good news of Christ through beauty filled enthusiasm showed by affection, empathy, comprehension and consolation. I despite everything recollect our first gathering as I distributed data with respect to the good book study material we would utilize. As I clarified the schedule and the subtleties of the investigation itself, Joey, one of the volunteers, asked, â€Å"What is it that we are attempting to achieve through this study?† I clarified that the destinations were recorded in the bundle and thatâ everyone ought to acclimate themselves altogether with the material gave. As Wheelan (2013) clarifies, it is the group leader’s duty during stage one to set up characterized objectives and to recognize explicit colleague jobs and how they will add to the general arrangement. This mistake on my part prompted disarray, disappointment, and sadly the takeoff of a portion of the adolescent volunteers, as they didn't feel that the estimation of their information was considered nor was an away from of what our motivation was clarified. Study Wheelan (2013) gives numerous genuine instances of what to do in specific conditions that manage security and incorporation, compromise, distinguishing jobs and duties, and cultivating esprit de corps during bunch advancement. Furthermore, she recognizes the positive qualities that ought to be shown by both colleagues and group pioneers the same, for example, including different individuals in the administration of the gathering and effectively partaking in accomplishing goals. While the quality of this book is shown in the numerous models given by the writer of what to do if a specific circumstance emerges, this writer was interested with respect to what a group head or part would do if a colleague must be excused for horrible showing? While this is something that this creator would not have any desire to ever understanding, I am interested concerning whether Wheelan has ever encountered this in her investigations and by what method may a pioneer or colleague manage this issue? Anot her thought that this creator accepts impacts bunch elements is financial and social decent variety. While the previously mentioned positive character characteristics for pioneers and colleagues are only a couple of the many gave in this content, Creating Effective Teams doesn't address the inward and outside impacts that are ever-present in bunches through financial and social assorted variety. This creator accepts that these two impacts alone ought to be firmly thought of, as gathering cohesiveness will rely to a great extent on an intensive comprehension of how an individual’s perspective impacts their view of other gathering individuals and their individual job inside the gathering. Activity Clear brief imparted objectives that clarify the reason, the crucial, how every part will add to the general arrangement is the main activity thatâ this creator wishes to achieve. Building up a safe comprehensive condition at the beginning of gathering advancement is essential to part investment as this creator intends to meet with both the young service and love service group in the up and coming week to empower colleague input and to recognize jobs, obligations, and a bound together statement of purpose. Preparing colleagues in both my service and the local group of fire-fighters I work for in how to viably oversee bunch strife is an extra activity plan that this creator wants to accomplish. Understanding that contention isn't really a terrible thing and that great can emerge out of differences is significant for everybody to consider when constructing our group. This creator feels that this activity will open up another line of correspondence for people inside my group to voice their interests and contribute effectively to the gathering with true trustworthiness. The third activity that this creator might want to accomplish is to turn into a pioneer who advances with the gathering as it creates through each stage. The starting phases of the group’s advancement will expect me to be increasingly self-assured; nonetheless, the capacity to develop as a pioneer to a more advisor job is the place this creator intends to make a move. As indicated by Wheelan (2013) as I permit individuals to partake in the authority capacity of the gathering, the probability that the gathering will succeed is expanded. Reference Wheelan, S. A. (2013) Creating successful groups: A guide for individuals and pioneers. Thousand Oaks: CA. Sage Publications, Inc.

MIT Regular Action Admissions Decisions Available Online

MIT Regular Action Admissions Decisions Available Online MIT Regular Action admissions decisions are now available at https://decisions.mit.edu. decisions.mit.edu You can log in using the same username and password that you use to log into your MyMIT account. There are no interim screens, so you should be sure you are ready to receive your decision online before logging in to decisions.mit.edu. Admissions decisions will be available exclusively online. To reiterate: dont wait for decisions to arrive via email or snail mail, as we do not plan to send out admissions decisions in this way this year. (Admitted students will receive information on their financial aid package and Campus Preview Weekend in the mail next week) This year, we received 15,661 applications for admission, a record number for us and a 17% increase over last year. We admitted 1597 students for an admit rate of 10%, or about one of every ten applicants. We have offered a place on the waitlist to 454 students. We on the admissions committee put our heart and soul, and our best judgment, into every decision, and most decisions are extremely difficult. Most students who applied to MIT this year were excellent matches for MIT, and most were extremely qualified. Our task is to choose from these many, many excellent applicants to bring together a class. I know I speak for all of the admissions officers when I say that this has been a very difficult admissions process because of the large numbers of very, very qualified applicants. It made reading the applications a joy, but it made turning away students that much harder. Thank you for applying! Well have more to say about the process for the admitted students, waitlisted students, and the not admitted students in the days and weeks to come. In the meantime, well provide open threads today for all three groups. Post Tagged #Pi Day #Regular Action MIT Regular Action Admissions Decisions available online MIT Regular Action admissions decisions are now available at https://decisions.mit.edu. decisions.mit.eduYou can log in using the same username and password that you use to log into your MyMIT account. There are no interim screens, so you should be sure you are ready to receive your decision online before logging in to decisions.mit.edu. Admissions decisions will be available exclusively online. Admitted students will receive information on their financial aid package and Campus Preview Weekend in the mail next week. The numbers: Applications: 16,632 (6.2% increase over last year) Admitted students: 1,611 2010 admit rate: 9.7% Waitlisted students: 722 Represented: 50 states and 59 countries The record number of applications means that the admissions committee has worked harder than ever to choose the Class of 2014. We have put our heart and soul, and our best judgment, into every decision, and most decisions are extremely difficult. Most students who applied to MIT this year were excellent matches for MIT, and most were extremely qualified. Our task is to choose from these many, many excellent applicants to bring together a class. I know I speak for all of the admissions officers when I say that this has been a very difficult admissions process because of the large numbers of very, very qualified applicants. It made reading the applications a joy, but it made turning away students that much harder. Thank you for applying! Well have more to say about the process for the admitted students, waitlisted students, and the not admitted students in the days and weeks to come. In the meantime, well provide open threads today for all three groups.

Stakeholder Concerns Corporate Management - 1619 Words

Stakeholder Concerns Investors For most investors, the primary concern is profit on their Calfrac investment. However, a certain group of investors also consider social good as an issue of great importance and as a result, practice social investing. Another major concern for an overwhelming majority of investors is the amount of risk they take on. These investors consider the amount of risk an ownership stake in a company entails and choose not to invest in companies that are over exposed to a single industry, have a track record of inefficient management or are operating in a dying industry etc. Calfrac has recently disclosed that its board of directors have approved a $12 million plan to further the expansion in Latin America (Healing, 2015). This shows that Calfrac’s management is committed to making the company more valuable thus satisfying the investors’ need for a strong ROI. The expansion also reduces Calfrac’s risk due to the fact that it is becoming more diversified and won’t take substantial losses in case one of its regional operations face a downturn. To satisfy ethical investors, Calfrac has taken a strong lean towards corporate social responsibility. The company makes an effort to reduce its environmental footprint through the use of efficient technology and was recognized by United Way as a â€Å"Community Builder† in 2014, further increasing Calfrac’s reputation as a socially responsible company. 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However, with a more modern and contemporary premise the more conservative idea to embrace other stakeholders to include people from the community, representatives of theRead MorePreventing Conflict And Ethical Issues1596 Words   |  7 Pagesaccomplish the wealth in the finest concern of the stockholders (Boshkoska, 2015). In such kind of establishments, clash of importance may happen amid the supervisors as well as the stockholders. Having additional data regarding the function of the organization, chiefs may utilize it in settling on choices for their own advantage, which then again can t be as useful for the shareholders. Irreconcilable circumstance for interes t amid supervisors and stakeholders prompts supposed organization conflictRead MoreApple, Inc. : An American International Corporation Essay718 Words   |  3 Pagesservices and personal computers. The purpose of Apple, Inc. is to uphold and endure their quality. 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Dr. Mary Shelly s Frankentein And The 1994 Adaptation...

Kaila Mines Professor Star Mary Shelly vs Baranagh Mary Shelly’s â€Å"Frankentein† and the 1994 adaptation of the novel have many similarities and also many differences. Differences focus mainly on death and the similarities focus on the plot structure. The similarities override the differences because the overall plot structure stayed the same. The changes of how people died is one major difference that Branagh had taken away from the original novel. In the book, Victors mother dies from scarlet fever that she has gotten from Elizabeth. As quoted from the book, â€Å"She died calmly, and her countenance expressed affection even in death. I need not describe the feelings of those whose dearest ties are rent by that most irreparable evil, the void that presents itself to the soul, and the despair that is exhibited on the countenance.† In the movie, Victor’s mother dies from childbirth. Victor is far less affected by the death of his mother in the novel than the movie. In the movie he creates Frankenstei n as one of the results of the death of his mother. This is one major difference that is displayed. Within the movie version, another major difference regarding the death of a character is involving Elizabeth, who he then turned into a monster to be a friend for the original creature that Victor had created. When Elizabeth discovered that she was not alive anymore, and how horrendous she thought she portrayed herself and the monster, she killed herself. In the novel, the

The Discarded Image Free Essays

The Discarded Image (Rewrite) â€Å"The Discarded Image: An Introduction to Medieval and Renaissance Literature† by C. S. Lewis is not just an introduction of the Medieval and Renaissance period, as the subtitle suggests, but rather an overview of the cultural background of that time period. We will write a custom essay sample on The Discarded Image or any similar topic only for you Order Now C. S. Lewis describes â€Å"the model† or â€Å"the image† of the universe as it was thought to be during the Renaissance and the Middle Ages. Their way of thinking was completely different from ours in our â€Å"Modern World† point of view. Their perception of the Universe was a â€Å"single, complex, harmonious mental model† (Lewis), unlike our scientific discoveries and newly formulated theories bout the universe. Instead of theories, they believed in these principles or ideas that explained their way of viewing things. Hierarchy, ordered scale in which everything is connected but has a certain order, and Body and Soul, the idea that everything has a soul and there are three different kinds of souls, are two of these principles. Hierarchy explains the order in which everything is or should be, as well as how everything is co-related. During the middle ages, it was thought that â€Å"everything has its right place, its home, the region that suits it† (Lewis, 92). The people of medieval and Renaissance period came up with the order of the universe, â€Å"Earth, moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn†. They thought that everything revolved around the Earth; they believed that the Earth was the center of the universe, and they believed that everything was pulled towards the Earth. The â€Å"force† responsible for this attraction was the Primium Mobile or the First moveable, â€Å"everything proceeds from Him (God)† (Brand), â€Å"its existence was inferred to account for the motion of all others† (Lewis, 96). Since everything has its purpose and space, it also has its own different soul. For example, because the different things or bodies have a different place and purpose they have different souls: â€Å"Man is a rational animal†¦Rational soul, which gives man his peculiar position, is not the only kind of soul† (Lewis, 152-153). Plants have a Vegetable soul, its main purpose is to grow and spread out. Animals, not human, have a sensitive soul: has the same â€Å"powers† as the Vegetable soul but has sentience in addition. nevertheless these three, Rational, Sensitive, and Vegetable souls, portrayed the synthesis between science, imagination, and theology that was very important in the Medieval and Renaissance period: â€Å"the real of science was the real of imaginations which was the real of religion, etc. † (Brand) C. S. Lewis in his book â€Å"The Discarded Image: An Introduction to Medieval and Renaissance Literature† points out the way the universe was viewed in the middle ages. Lewis explains all the ideas and principles that made up the middle ages so different from our Modern World. During the Middle ages Hierarchy was very important; everything has its place and purpose but at the same time it was believed that everything was a unit. The idea of Body and Soul was just as important; since everything has its own purpose it must have its own soul. How to cite The Discarded Image, Papers

History Of Popular Culture Essay Example For Students

History Of Popular Culture Essay What were the functions of popular festivals, etc. in Early Modern Europe?And why did the authorities, civil and ecclesiastical seek to control orsuppress them?In Early Modern Europe festivals were the setting for heroes and theirstories, to be celebrated by the populace. They posed a change from theireveryday life. In those days people lived in remembrance of one festivaland in expectance of the next. Different kinds of festivals were celebratedin different ways. There were festivals that marked an individual occasionand werent part of the festival calendar, like family festivals such asweddings and christenings. Some took place at the same time every year andwere for everyone, like community festivals like the different saintsdays. Pilgrimages took place all year round. Annuals festivals likeChristmas and Midsummer always took place on the same day every year. In those days the average village in Western Europe celebrated at least 17festivals annually, not counting family occasions and saints days. Somefestivals, such as Carnival, lasted several days or sometimes even severalweeks. In the Netherlands Carnival started every year at the 11th ofNovember (St. Martin) and culminated in a big festival of Dranck,pleijsier ende vrouwen (Drink, fun and women) at the end of the Carnivalperiod, preceding the period of Lent. Festivals were meant to take the minds of the people off their everydaylife , off the hard times and their work. Everyday life in Early ModernEurope was filled with rituals, both religious and secular. Songs andstories played an important role in their lives, although they sometimesadjusted the details of the legends and stories to fit the way they thoughta certain festival should take place. Popular culture was mixed with ecclesiastical culture in many ways. Thestory of St. John the Baptist is a good example of this. The ancient ritualof bathing and lighting fires during Midsummers Eve was a remnant of aritual from the pre-Christian period. Fire and water, symbols ofpurification, could be seen as the tools of St. John the Baptist, andtherefore a combination of the two elements of popular and ecclesiasticalculture was obvious. It looks as if the Medieval Church took over thefestival and made it theirs. The same thing happened to the MidwinterFestival, which became linked with the birth of Christ, on 25 December. There are many more examples to be found, such as the connection betweenSt. Martin and geese caused by the fact that the St. Martins Day (11November) coincided with the period during which the people used to killtheir geese in the period preceding the Christian period. Carnival plays a special role in popular culture in Early Modern Europe. It is a great example of a festival of images and texts. It was a popularfestival, taking on different forms in different regions of Europe. Asidefrom regional variations, these differences were also caused by factorssuch as the climate, the political situation and the economical situationin an area. On a whole Carnival started in late December or early January and reachedits peak upon approaching Lent. The actual feast, taking place at the endof the festive period, could take days and would usually involve large quantities of foodand drinks. The festival took place in the open air in the centre of atown or city. Within a region, the way Carnival was celebrated varied fromtown to town. The festival was a play, with the streets as a stage and the people asactors and spectators. They often depicted everyday life scenes and madefun of them. Informal events took place throughout the Carnival period. There was massive eating and drinking, as a way of stocking up for Lent. People sang and danced in the streets, using the special songs of Carnival,and people wore masks and fancy-dress. There was verbal aggression, insultswere exchanged and satirical verses were sung. More formally structures events were concentrated in the last days of theCarnival period. These events took places in the central squares and wereoften organised by clubs or fraternities. The main theme during Carnival was usually The World Upside Down. Situations got turned around. It was an enactment of the world turnedupside down. Men dressed up as women, women dressed up as men, the richtraded places with the poor, etc. There was physical reversal: peoplestanding on their heads, horses going backwards and fishes flying. Therewas reversal of relationships between man and beast: the horse shoeing themaster or the fish eating the fisherman. The other reversal was that ofrelationships between men: servants giving orders to their masters or menfeeding children while their wives worked the fields. Many events centred on the figure of Carnival, often depicted as a fatman, cheerful and surrounded by food. The figure of Lent, for contrast,often took the form of a thin, old woman, dressed in black and hung withfish. These depictions varied in form and name in the different regions inEurope. A recurring element was the performance of a play, usually a farce. Mock battles were also a favourite pass-time during the Carnival period. Carnival usually ended with the defeat of Carnival by Lent. This couldhappen in the form of the mock trial and execution of Carnival, (Bologna,Italy, 16th century), the beheading of a pig (Venice, Italy), or the burialof a sardine (Madrid, Spain). Sex Education: A Necessity in Public Schools Argum EssayMissionaries on both sides worked in Europe to install their religiousvalues in the local people. Reformers on both sides objected in particularto certain elements in popular religion. Festivals were part of popularreligion or were at least disguised as an element of popular religion. Thefestival of Martinmas (11 November) was a good example of this. What were the objections of the authorities against these elements ofpopular culture in general and popular religion in particular? There weretwo essential religious objections. Firstly, the majority of festivals wereseen as remnants of ancient paganism. Secondly, the festivals offered thepeople an occasion to over-indulge in immoral or offensive behaviour, atmany occasions attacking the establishment (both ecclesiastical and civil). The first objection meant that reformers disliked many of the popularcustoms because they contained traces of ancient customs dating frompre-Christian times. Protestant reformers went very far in theirobjections, even denouncing a number of Catholic rituals as beingpre-Christian survivals, considering the saints as successors of pagan godsand heroes, taking over their curative and protective functions. Magic wasalso considered a pagan remnant: the Protestants accused the Catholics ofpractising a pagan ritual by claiming that certain holy places held magicalpowers and could cure people. The reformers denounced the rituals they didnt find fitting as beingirreverent and blasphemous. Carnival and the charivaris were consideredthe work of the devil, because it made a mockery of certain godlyelements the Church held sacred. The reformers thought people who didnthonour God in their way to be heathen, doomed to spend their afterlife ineternal damnation. Flamboyance was to be chased out of all religiousaspects of culture, and, where possible, out of all other aspects of life,according to the Protestant doctrine. In some areas, gesturing duringchurch services was banned, as was laughter. All these things were seen asirreverent, making a mockery of religion. All these changes were introduced in order to create a sharper separationbetween the sacred and the profane. The ecclesiastical authorities wereout to destroy the traditional familiarity with the sacred becausefamiliarity breeds irreverence.The objection against popular recreations stemmed from the idea that theywere vanities, displeasing God because they were a waste of time andmoney and distracted people from going to church. This objection was sharedby both the ecclesiastical and civil authorities. The latter mainlyobjected because it distracted the populace from their work, which in turnaffected the revenues of the leading upper classes, or from otheractivities that were benefiting the rich, reasons that would vary perregion. Catholic and Protestant reformers were not equally hostile to popularculture, nor were they hostile for quite the same reasons. Protestantreformers were more radical, denouncing festivals as relics of popery andlooking to abolish feast-days as well as the feast that came with it,because they considered the saints that were celebrated during thesefestivals as remnants of a pre-Christian era. Many of these Protestantreformers were equally radical in their attacks on holy images, which theyconsidered idols. During the end of the 16th and the first half of the17th century Dutch churches were pillaged by Protestants trying to destroyall religious relics and images (de Beeldenstorm). Catholic reformers weremore modified in their actions; they tried to reach a certain modificationof popular religious culture, even trying to adapt certain elements to theCatholic way of worshipping and incorporating popular elements into theirreligion. They insisted that some times were holier than others, an d theydid object to the extend to which the holy days were celebrated with foodand drink. Some argued that it was impossible to obey the rites of Lentwith proper reverence and devotion if they had indulged in Carnival justbefore. Catholic reformers also installed rules in order to regulatecertain popular festivals and rituals, such as a prohibition on dressing upas a member of the clergy during Carnival or a prohibition on dancing orperforming plays in churches or churchyards. Contrary to the Protestantreformers however, the Catholic reformers did not set out to abolishfestivals and rituals completely. Civil authorities had their own reasons to object to popular festivals inEarly Modern Europe. Apart from taking the people away from work or otherobligations, the authorities feared that during the time of a festival, theabundance of alcohol could stir up the feelings of discontent the peoplehad been hiding all throughout the year. Misery and alcohol could create adangerous mix that would give people the courage they needed to rebelagainst authorities. This was a good reason for the authorities to try andstop, or at least control, popular festivals. BibliographyPopular Culture in Early Modern Europe; P. BurkeThe Reasons of Misrule: Youth Groups and Charivaris in 16th century France;N.Z.Davis, Past and Present 1971Order and rebellion in Tribal Africa; M. GluckmanThe waning of the Middle Ages; J. HuizingaLevend Verleden; Prof. Dr. H.P.H. JansenBlood, tears and Xavier-water: Jesuit missionaries and popular religion inthe 18th century in the Upper Palatinate; T. Johnson Popular religion inGermany and Central Europe 1400-1800

American Popular Culture Definition free essay sample

American Popular Culture Daniel Villalobos SOC/105 University of Phoenix June 29, 2011 Roger Fike American Popular Culture There is not a single definition that will describe culture since it evolves and goes for the same as beauty. Without a doubt, there is no answer to the definition of beauty, yet beauty is heavily involved and, associated in today’s media. Media is likely to have an enormous potent effect to the average man or woman about criterions of beauty, forcing the definition of beauty to a new height because beauty never stops evolving and tends to play a very important role in the life of young teenagers and adults.Retailer catalogs such as Abercrombie and Fitch and Victoria’s Secret tend to feature airbrushed, scantily clad and altered photos of male and female models. Beauty pageants, fashion shows, the Internet, and movies have swamped the public with two-dimensional pictures of beautiful icons and celebrities. We will write a custom essay sample on American Popular Culture Definition or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are even television shows that have joined the delegation, playing a role in the image that it portrays such as Skin Deep, The Swan, and Extreme Makeover. America heavily relies on mass media to play a role in molding Americas view of the definition of beauty and reshaping culture at the same time.In present-day society, with the ever-changing idea that portrays images beauty, people rely on the media to help them find the latest trends on how to look and what to wear to stay â€Å"in fashion†. According with Hume (1742), â€Å"Beauty is in the eye of the beholder†. Perhaps a more modern-day accurate definition would be, â€Å"Beauty is in the eye of the media. † One may say that a beauty standard that is portrayed in present-day media does more negative societal harm than positive images. Even though the allegations tends to lean forward on acknowledging that fact that media does indeed influence ‘harmful-images,† there is not a strong, stable public outcry against media portraying these false and harmful images. Time and cultures has a major role in the standards of beauty. In Victorian ages, social status was determined on the appearance which one portrays. Women who were to be considered ‘overweight, obese and fat’ in present-day today, had a higher social status.Woman who were considered â€Å"plump† were considered of a healthy and a higher class distinction. Artist back then even painted some of the famous women in history having a voluptuous body figure in which present-day, would be diffidently frowned upon the media. An example, Jessica Simpson showed some physical â€Å"plumpness† in one of her concerts not too long ago. All of the sudden the media went insane and cameras were focused all of their attention on Jessica Simpson. Scolding and embarrassing her, which was not necessary, just because she gained weight.Back then also, pale skin was more preferred than tanned skin because a person who appeared to have a dark tone skin indicated he or she is laborer working in the field. In the media today, tanned skin indicated that the person is of higher status because of the quality leisure time he or she spent into tanning. In China, Women who had small, often delicate feet were of higher status. This resulted in women binding their feet, painfully uncomfortable, to achieve the standards that he or she are accustomed to. Society often draws a parallel to what is considered healthy in the standards of beauty. During times when food was scarce, society believed that woman who were heavier were more desirable and healthier, while women who were skinny and slender were considered unhealthy and suffering from malnutrition. In the eye of today’s media, the view on obesity is portrayed as highly unattractive and the basis of serious health risks such as a stroke, heart disease, diabetes and hypertension. Studies have also proved that women who were obese often had more difficulty bearing children because of health risk.Ironically, studies have also debunked the fact that slenderness is a way to live a healthier life. Now as society becomes heavier and heavier, women who are portrayed in the media are much slimmer. Beauty is undeniably fascinated in American culture, when beauty starts being used from a business point of view, sexuality and beauty sells. Media and the advertisers use beautiful models and celebrities in advertisements to promote and sell, the fascination of beauty is still plays a major roll. Whether its sell everything from cloths to beverages and cars, there are still the underlying fact that advertisers and the media rely on the beauty in the celebrity and model. One example would be in sports such as football, which exploits women such as Cheerleaders and the Bikini models portrayed on Sports Illustrated magazines to advertise and sell products. Social life, youth and beauty have also been greatly affected by looks, celebrities and beautiful models have raised the status quo for the rest of present-day society and most likely the future.Much of society who are largely concerned about appearance must achieve that attractiveness and young look in order to acquire and maintain a social life, attract a mate and even to remain in the job market. Once or if the celebrity looks more beautiful after a cosmetic procedure, the public also seems to accept it. As cosmetics carries its influence into society, people are more likely to be acquire an idea that one day one may drive for self-improvement especially the older generation of society.One time in history when Pamela Anderson and her cleavage became popular within the media, women turned to get cosmetic surgery to acquire that cleavage just to maintain that status of being in touch with society. Standards of Beauty from a Negative Perspective Present-day society of men, women and adolescents has definitely been shaped by mass media. Some may even say that society appeared to be suffering from a serious case of identity crisis. Americans in the millions, particularly women, have struggled between two opposite ends of confidence and insecurity after undergoing plastic surgery.The concern and pressure to be thin, young and beautiful was becoming major part of Western society that it actually influenced people to take extreme measure so that he or she can acquire the ideal standard of beauty while sacrificing health, finances and even the risk of losing their own life. While the media did not bamboozle all of society to get cosmetic surgery, there are those who simply do not meet the financial requirements needed for the surgery and have no choice but to carry their ‘flaws’ often struggling with a low self-image.Without a doubt there are those who are obsessed, was ting and spending millions on surgery, beauty supplies, diet supplements, dental work, and other self improving procedures. While people in general just want to feel and acquire that self respect and positive image, there are millions of Americans who try to live up to dangerous and unrealistic standards. While being thin make one happy for a while, and while surgery may improve how a person looks to some extent, for people to understand that real beauty comes from within the inner self is very important.Particularly women must change their priority of improving their own self-image and not worry about what society influences on what one should look like. Once a woman is able to acknowledge her own inner beauty and self-worth, she is the more than capable to be and feel happy regardless of her appearance. For a woman to acquire a state of well being one need to have inner strength and emotional maturity traits, which beauty makeovers and surgery will not help in acquiring those traits.The argument is not to fall towards the side in which ‘all’ woman should not strive to improve appearance, but instead to be cautious about one’s own health and not to neglect his or her own inner spirit and strength in the process. One needs to always remember that there is no amoun t of high-fashion clothing, make up and plastic surgery can stop the inevitable aging process. One may even request a procedure to prolong the appearance of the youth image but the fact still remains beauty will fade at one point in time. Sure, one can look back and say how gorgeous and beautiful, but will it really matter anymore? Everyone at one point in their lifetime is going to reach and face old age, which also is a step closer to eternal happiness and rest; the stone garden. For some people, once he or she achieves the state of old age, the usual response is that he or she is at the happiest point of their life. This response may be influenced by the fact that there is no pressure to look beautiful and that he or she has acknowledge that appearance is no longer a priority or an important factor.

Citing Images in APA Referencing

Citing Images in APA Referencing Citing Images in APA Referencing Most sources you cite in a college paper will be text based (e.g., books and journal articles). Sometimes, though, you might need to include an image or photograph in your work. But how do you cite images in academic writing? In this post, we look at how this works in APA referencing. Including Images in a Document In APA referencing, â€Å"images† include photographs, paintings, illustrations, diagrams, tables, and graphs. And any image you include in your work should come with a caption. You can use the caption tool in Microsoft Word to do this, but you can also add captions manually if preferred. The caption that accompanies an image should do at least three things: Label the image so it can be identified in the text (e.g., Figure 1, Figure 2). Provide a title for the image or describe what it shows or represents. Offer any additional details (e.g., when a photograph was taken). A photo with an APA image caption. If the image is your own work (e.g., a photo you took yourself), then this is enough. And unless your school’s style guide says otherwise, you do not need to give a citation. Nor do you need to include your own photographs or illustrations in the reference list at the end of your document. However, if you have taken an image from another source (e.g., a photograph found online), you will need to reference it in full. We will explain how this works in the rest of this article. In-Text Citations for Images In-text citations for images can work two ways in APA referencing. You can simply refer to an image in the text. For example, if you were to write about a painting without including the image itself in the document, you would be able to cite it as follows: In November 2018, Portrait of an Artist (Hockney, 1972) became the most expensive work of art to sell at auction by a living artist. If you do include an image in your work, the citation should go in the caption. An APA citation in an image caption. You would then refer to the image in the text using the label from the caption (i.e., â€Å"Figure 2† for the image above). This also applies if you have borrowed a chart or an illustration from a print source (simply cite the authors and date of publication for the print source in question). In all cases, though, you will need to add the image you have cited to the reference list. Images in an APA Reference List As with any source, if you have used images made by someone else in your work, you must include them in the reference list at the end of your document. If you have taken the image in question from another print source (e.g., a diagram from a journal article), simply list the print source. However, if you have found an image online, the format is a little different: Artist Surname, Initial(s). (Year). Title of the artwork [Format]. Retrieved from URL For example, we would list the poster from the example above as follows: Roepp, G. (1943). I’ve found the job where I fit best! [poster]. Retrieved from https://images.northwestern.edu/multiresimages/inu:dil-41913a91-037f-494b-9113-06004a8a98fb And don’t forget to have your written work proofread. This will make sure that all your references are clear and complete in the final draft.

Energy needs Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Energy needs - Annotated Bibliography Example The combination of all three energy sources, water, wind and solar power are much advantageous and achievable because it keeps the capacity of fulfilling the full energy needs of the world. The authors categorize the combination better than other energy sources based on their negative impact on environment in terms of global warming and all kinds of pollution. The authors support their choice with analysis of costs involved, impact of the energy sources and research work done on related issues. The costs involved in using natural sources are much less as compared to other means. The authors have done enough research work on the topic and are from educational backgrounds. The authors are in favor of natural energy resources. Overall, the article is quite useful in terms of informing about the advantageousness of natural resources over energy from biomass and nuclear power. This article can be used as a supportive piece for my research that is about energy needs as natural resources ar e a major mean of fulfilling energy needs if they are utilized

HR Current Event (workplace discrimination) Article

HR Current Event (workplace discrimination) - Article Example Owing to workplace discrimination, employees are often found obstructed to attain their deserved rewards and accreditations in terms of wages or career growth opportunities and hence, act as a cause of de-motivation for employees apart from being unethical and illegitimate. Concerned authorities of almost every nation of the world have regulations that aim to abolish the discrimination practices among employees within an organisational setting (International Labour Organisation, â€Å"Workplace discrimination†). THESIS STATEMENT This discussion paper emphasizes a global Human Resource (HR) concern related with workplace discrimination malpractices and its consequences. In order to obtain an in-depth understanding of the selected issue, the example of Wal-Mart has been considered in the discussion henceforth. DISCUSSION Irrespective of strict policy enforcements to promote anti-discrimination within workplaces, many large-sized companies have been highlighted in media publicati ons, being alleged to conduct malpractices in terms of employee discrimination. Illustratively and more disappointingly, one of the leading retail giants of the world, Wal-Mart was found guilty of committing workplace discrimination based on race and gender, which made the company face several criticisms around the world. Wal-Mart’s conduct of workplace discrimination began to be reported in the media since 2009 and was able to attract considerable attention from its global stakeholders by the fiscal year of 2011-12. Among the several cases registered against Wal-Mart on the grounds of workplace discrimination, the issue concerning sex-discrimination was found to be quite long stranded in the organizational operations, as per media reports. For instance, according to Shapiro in â€Å"Walmart Faces Long Battle on Sex Discrimination, Despite Supreme Court Ruling†, Wal-Mart has the largest number of cases registered against it on the grounds of gender biasness in the work place. Hines in â€Å"Walmart Sex Discrimination Claims Filed by 2,000 Women† also provides clear information about the rising cases of employee discrimination in the workplace of Wal-Mar

Impact of Capitalism on Global Development

Impact of Capitalism on Global Development Is geographically uneven development an inevitable outcome of capitalism? Harris (2006, p. 2) claims that in ‘examining the general character of the process of capitalist development as it has appeared historically across many different countries over a long period of time, one of its most striking characteristics is the phenomenon of uneven development.’ However we choose to define the terms ‘development’ and ‘capitalism’, it is undeniable that in recent centuries capitalism – of one kind or another – has been the dominant economic and social system throughout the world and the development has been geographically uneven – whether considered at the local, national, regional or global level. Whether the former is the cause of the latter is open to debate. Further, whether the former must necessarily cause the other, as suggested by the title question, is even less clear. This essay will first provide definitions and explanations of development and capitalism. Next it will consider the argument â₠¬â€œ most famously put forward by David Harvey, but also expounded by many others – that capitalism inevitably leads to geographically uneven development. Development can and has been defined in many different ways. Until the 1970s it was generally accepted that increasing GNP per capita was the primary – even the exclusive – objective of development. Thus development was measured exclusively in terms of GNP per capita. Since 1970, however, many criticisms have been levelled against the use of GNP as a measure of societal well-being, and various other objectives of development have been suggested to replace it. The criticisms encompass both the theoretical and the empirical, but broadly speaking they arise from the fact that use of GNP per capita as a measure of development treats economic growth as synonymous with development whereas in fact development must incorporate the enabling of individuals to achieve basic aims such as to live long, to be well-nourished, to be healthy and to be literate (Sen, 1999). Furthermore, since development was viewed in terms with GNP per capita, it was concerned with the average or aggreg ate income, rather than with the incomes of the poorest. As Arndt (1983, p. 1) explains, ‘ disappointment was increasingly widely expressed that, after two decades of unprecedentedly high rates of economic growth in most of the Third World, hundreds of millions remained in abject poverty and in many countries income distribution appeared to have worsened.’ Arndt goes on to argue that at this time, a myth emerged that something called ‘trickle-down theory’ had existed in the 1950s and 1960s, but that no development economist ever actually subscribed to any such theory. This alleged theory posits that the benefits of the accumulation of capital by the elites would ‘trickle-down’ to the masses through the creation of jobs and other economic opportunities. Whether trickle-down theory was originally part and parcel of the view of development as increasing GNP per capita, or whether it was appended to such a notion of development ex-post, it is certa inly clear that the benefits of economic growth did not trickle down to the masses. On the contrary, in fact, the world has witnessed increasing inequality. It is this inequality – or unevenness of development – with which we are most concerned in this essay. As Harvey (2005, p. 55) describes it, a ‘convergence in well-being has not occurred and geographical as well as social inequalities within the capitalist world appear to have increased in recent decades. The promised outcome of poverty reduction from freer trade, open markets and â€Å"neo-liberal† strategies of globalization has not materialized. Environmental degradations and social dislocations have also been unevenly distributed.’ Capitalism refers to an economic and social system in which the means of production are mainly privately-owned and operated for profit. It is defined by Bernstein (2002, p. 242) as ‘(a) Production of goods and services for market exchange (commodities), to make profits; (b) founded on a definitive social (class) relation between owners of capital and owners of labour power; (c) to which other social relations and divisions are linked, e.g. those of gender, urban/rural differences, nationality.’ The private owners of capital determine investment, distribution, income, production and pricing according to their own self-interest. Within these parameters, however, there are various forms of capitalism. Historically, it can be said that capitalism has gone through various stages: from merchant capitalism, through industrial capitalism; finance capitalism and monopoly capitalism to state capitalism. Further, in any stage of capitalism, any given economy can be more or less pur ely capitalist. In the world today, for example, every economy is in reality a mixed economy with elements of capitalism and elements of regulation and planning – it is the balance between free market policies and private ownership vs. regulation and public ownership that determines the extent to which an economy can be said to be capitalist or otherwise. According to Marxist accounts of capitalism, capital is created through buying commodities in order to create new commodities with an exchange value – as distinct from the use value – higher than the cost of the original commodities. Most importantly, under capitalism, labour had become a commodity itself and surplus labour is extracted by the capitalist who gains greater value from the labour (through the sale-value of the produced commodities) than the exchange value of the labour (i.e. the wage that the capitalist pays). For Marx, it was this cycle of extracting surplus labour that forms the basis of the cla ss-struggle. Harvey (see, for example, 1982, 1985, 2005, 2006) has provided what is arguably the most significant contribution to the discourse on capitalism as inevitably resulting in geographically uneven development. Harvey points to the geographic contradiction between the fixity and mobility of capital as central to understanding geographically uneven development. In order to produce value, capitalists invest in infrastructure – a form of capital with a long life and fixed location. Over its long life, this capital facilitates the production of commodities which are sold to recoup the original cost of the infrastructure and to make a profit. Meanwhile, social infrastructures are built up as the local labour force develops skills specific to the production of these commodities, relations develop between the capitalist and local suppliers, clients, politicians and banks, and knowledge is gained of local industrial processes. However, the value – or profit – produced is not spatially restricted in this way and can circulate to be invested in labour power and means of production elsewhere. Thus it may be invested in competing businesses or in different sectors of the economy. Cheaper labour and other means of production are sought and tapped in other locations within the country, in other countries in the same region, or beyond. As a result firms in a particular locality may close or reduce their level of output thus reducing employment and/or wages in the area. In turn, state agencies will receive less income through taxation, and local businesses such as those in the retail sector will suffer as the local population has less income. Home-owners may default on their mortgage payments and lenders will be forced to sell the properties at lower prices as the economy declines. Yet these state agencies, shops and shopping centres, and houses are spatially fixed – they cannot be moved elsewhere to where they could produce more value. Also, while firm s have the option to move to locations where profitability would be higher, they are also likely to have become somewhat embedded in the local area (as a result of relationships built up with customers, suppliers, employees, state officials and banks) and they have to assess the benefits of moving against the cost of building all of these relationships from scratch in a new location. The end result is the attempt (by the different stakeholders – individually or collectively) to defend exchange values in any given place to guarantee future streams of profits, wages, rents and tax revenues. Since local capitalists and local labour classes both have a vested interest in the continued existence of local industry, territorial cross-class allegiances are formed, and geographically uneven development ensues. While it is important not to conflate globalisation with capitalism since globalisation refers to a much broader process of increasing interdependence that goes far beyond the economic, Coe Yeung (2001, pp. 370-371) provide interesting input to the debate on uneven development with a consideration of globalisation, arguing that ‘one needs not be a Marxist to appreciate the uneven outcomes of the globalisation processes First, globalisation impacts differently in different sectors and industries even in the same country and/or region. While global restructuring tends to favour high tech industries, it has serious repercussions for such labour-intensive industries as textiles and clothing†¦ Second, global restructuring can produce geographically uneven impact on producers and/or countries specialising in different stages of the same production chain.’ This ties in with the explanation of how the expansion of capitalism produces new forms of unevenness, and the stagna tion of certain localities. According to Walker (1978, p. 34), for example, as capitalism expands it develops new distinctions of space thus creating a spatial mosaic of development in which none of the parts are truly independent or particularly susceptible to regional development programmes. Additionally, the expansion of capitalism intensifies its penetration of space thus increasing its mobility giving capital a strategic advantage over labour. As a result, local development becomes increasingly reliant on external capital. ‘Thus, although there is a certain evening up of development as the capitalist core expands, uneven development of a new kind necessarily emerges within what can be considered a fully developed capitalist space. This kind of unevenness is implicit in the use-value nature of capital’s relation to space, in fragmenting tendencies of the capitalist division of labor and its class hierarchy, and in the tendency of capital constantly to reduce the tim e of circulation.’ Agnew’s (2001, p. 6) perspective also demonstrates how globalization has accentuated the uneven development that results from capitalism, arguing that in this context, for example, the ‘need for rapid access to information has privileged those ‘world cities’ that have good connectivity to other places. The local availability of entrepreneurship, venture capital, technical know-how, and design capabilities differentiate ‘attractive’ from ‘unattractive’ sites for investment. At the same time, [niche] markets associated with different social groups increasingly cross national boundaries, giving rise to cross-national markets that can be served by factories located in any one of them or, for labor-intensive goods, produced wherever labor costs are lower.’ What, then, of the role of the state in today’s mixed economies? As Brenner (1998, p. 11) has pointed out, in the past century, it has been the state – and not private capital – that has planned, produced and regulated large-scale infrastructure projects (including transport infrastructure, public transport systems, utilities, energy, subsidised public housing and education systems, communications systems) to direct the ways in which labour power and capital reproduce. This highlights the fact that a purely capitalist system does not exist in any country in the world. As Harvey (1982, p. 404) explains, the state control of large-scale infrastructure enables it to direct infrastructural development differentially as the ‘territorial organisation of the state becomes the geographical configuration within which the dynamics of [infrastructural] investment is worked out.’ Thus the territorial organization of the state could in theory at least be used to channel infrastructure development in such a way as to produce geographically even – or at least more even – development. Yet Brenner (1998, p. 12) argues that in fact the state direction in practice leads to ‘new forms of uneven geographic development’ and that in so doing it produces an equilibrium. Walker (1978, p. 30) claims that geographically uneven development is indeed inevitable in advanced capitalist economies, claiming that no ‘critical observer would imagine that there is something less than systematic in the nature of capitalism producing the inevitable juxtapositions of poverty and wealth, growth and stagnation, and diverse functions in the capitalist city.’ Like Harvey, Walker claims that uneven development occurs as a result of spatial differentiation and capital mobility, two components of any capitalist system. According to Walker, (1978, p. 30), uneven development is the corollary of uneven spatial location of use-values, a nd the spatial organization of use-values is not random but is ‘a systematic product of capitalist development, varying only in form and in degree among advanced capitalist nations.’ Both Harvey and Walker provide a convincing argument for the inevitability of geographically uneven development in a capitalist system thus painting a bleak picture for development and effectively invalidating any claims of regional development programmes or any other policies aimed an evening out development. However, this last point by Walker does offer some scope for optimism. If uneven development in advanced capitalist nations varies in form and, more importantly, degree then the intuitive conclusion would be that it could vary so far that the degree of unevenness reaches zero and thus development is even. Even if in practice development can never be perfectly even, the variance in degree suggests that policies can be implemented to make development more even, if not totally even. In order to devise such policies, it is necessary to understand what aspects of certain capitalists systems have enabled them to produce more even development than others. According to Perrons (2000, p . 24), it is possible to direct policies against uneven development and to do so requires a holistic approach to social theory that explores the differences of experience in different national contexts and at different spatial scales: ‘the nature and pace of change differs between nation states and between different organizations depending on the legislative framework and social and cultural norms leading to different regional and local outcomes. Recognising and understanding these different experiences within capitalism provides a foundation for mapping alternative futures.’ If geographically uneven development is an inevitable outcome of capitalism, then we cannot hope to even out development within a capitalist world system. Short of radical calls for an overthrow of the existing system of economic and social organisation, then, policies directed at evening out development could only ever meet with partial success. However, given the importance of the state in defining and directing spaces of development, and given that every economy in the world today is a mixed economy, it must be conceivable (in theory at least) that the state could provide definition and direction in such a way as to promote even development. In order to do so, however, it is necessary to understand just what it is that causes uneven development. From the analysis above it is clear that uneven development is indeed a characteristic of capitalism; indeed it seems to be one that is inevitable. However the form and extent of that unevenness vary from place to place. Thus a better unde rstanding of exactly what determines the form and extent is necessary to reduce the extent and produced the most desirable (in other words, the least bad) form of uneven development. Bibliography Agnew, J. (2001). The New Global Economy: Time-Space Compression, Geopolitics and Global Uneven Development. Los Angeles: Center for Globalization and Policy Research, UCLA. Arndt, H. W. (1983). The Trickle-Down Myth. Economic Development and Cultural Change , 32 (1), 1-10. Bernstein, H. (2002). Colonialism, Capitalism, Development. In T. Allen, A. Thomas, Poverty and Development in the 21st Century (pp. 241-270). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Brenner, N. (1998, January 7). Between fixity and motion: accumulation, territorial organization and the historical geography of spatial scales. Chicago. Coe, N. M., Yeung, H. W.-c. (2001). Geographical perspectives on mapping globalisation. Journal of Economic Geography , 367-380. Harris, D. J. (2006). Uneven Development. Stanford University, Economics. Harvey D. (1982) The Limits to Capital, Chicago: University of Chicago Press Harvey D. (1985) The geopolitics of capitalism, in D Gregory, J Urry (eds.) Social Relations and Spatial Structures, London: Macmillan, pp 128- 163 Harvey, D. (2005). Spaces of Neoliberalization: Towards a Theory of Uneven Geographical Development . Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. Harvey, D. (2006). Spaces of Global Capitalism: Towards a Theory of Uneven Geographical Development . London: Verso Books. Perrons, D. (2000). The New Economy and Uneven Geographical Development: Towards a More Holistic Framework for Economic Geography. Economic Geography Research Group. Sen, A. (1999). Development as Freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Walker, R. (1978). Two Sources of Uneven Development Under Advanced Capitalism: Spatial Differentiation and Capital Mobility. Review of Radical Political Economics , 28-38.

Henna in Arab countries and India Essay

Henna is a type of temporary tattoo that dyes the skin for several weeks. Henna is made out of a plant that is dried, ground to a dust and then made in to a paste by adding essential oils. Henna got its start in the Arab culture and remains popular to this day and growing in popularity in other countries. The paste that is made is placed into a cone or bag that closely resembles that used by cake decorators. The paste is applied to the skin in intricate designs and as it dries and hardens it begins to fall off leaving behind an orange tint. Designs made from henna are completely free form and have no specific meaning and are meant for the sheer beauty of the art with no religious or cultural meaning. The henna tattoo can consist of nearly any pattern or series of patterns and the more elaborate the design the more erotic and sensual it is. Henna is made primarily of several design styles which include flowers, paisley designs, intricate lines, shading and doily designs. These pattern s can wrap around your fingers, wrist, ankle or any other curved part of your body. Henna in the Arab World Permanent tattoos in the Muslim world are greatly frowned upon, which makes henna a very popular alternative that dates back hundreds of years and is steeped in tradition. Henna makes it easy to get a tattoo without it being against Muslim traditions, since they only last a few weeks. These beautifully intricate designs are applied mainly to young women to glamorize themselves (older women will also sometimes wear henna) to their husbands after their wedding and during the ceremony. Arabic Henna throughout the World Henna can be seen in countries all around the globe despite its roots being firmly planted in the Middle East existing in India, Egypt, Pakistan, and Morocco among just a few. The typical style in the originating country is that of large floral patterns painted all over the body, but as the design spreads it changes to meet the needs of the people. The United States, for instance, has taken henna and made it into pure skin decoration. Unlike the Middle East, the main reason to get henna is for show and not some profound meaning. The sentimental factors involved have been removed and what’s left is something very basic and watered down. Henna done at the circus, carnivals and Renaissance fairs are just several examples of western style henna. I went to (global village) in Indian village to meet some women’s who knows more about the henna and I had an interview with an old lady that work there in henna shop she’s Indian: (Me): Could you tell us a bit about the tradition of henna and how it has transformed into a popular body art? (Old lady): Henna has been used down through the ages for thousands of years. Inscriptions place henna in use in Syria as early as 2100 BCE and in the Greek Islands from around 1700 BCE. Henna has usually been utilized with cultures that have a history of Goddess worship. Henna was relatively unknown ten years ago, and it has become more popular with women here in California and around the world. The art of henna is amazing, and now it can be embellished with jewels and glitter to make it sparkle and coordinate with your clothes. Women of all ages use henna for celebrations, and the art has improved and become more popular than ever before through word of mouth and the Internet. (Me): What exactly is henna dye, and what are the ingredients? (Old lady): Henna is the Persian name for a shrub known scientifically as Lawsonia Inermis. It is harvested twice a year, dried and ground into a fine powder. The powder is used to dye hair red and for the ancient eastern art of mehndi. The henna tannic acid is a natural safe vegetable dye that bonds with the collagen in your skin cells and the keratin in the hair leaving a lovely color. (Me): Is henna dye available in different colors or levels of intensity? (Old lady): Different colors or levels of intensity are achieved in several ways. Henna can be steamed on the skin to darken it, or it can be left on for different lengths of time to get darker and lighter stains. Henna will be a shade of red/brown. There are no other safe dyes and henna does not come in black or blue. Allergies Are Rare (Me): Should you test for an allergic reaction prior to applying henna dye to the skin? (Old lady): You can test for henna sensitivity although it is extremely rare. If you use 100% natural henna mixed with safe oils and lemon juice, there is little to no chance of an allergic reaction. If you suspect a henna allergy, please do not apply the henna and be sure to also test for citrus allergies. (me): Even though henna art is temporary, how long should the tattoo last? (Old lady): Henna typically lasts seven to ten days. However, it can last longer than that depending on several variables such as where the henna is placed on the body, how long the henna is on the skin, if the skin is clean, and if the essential oils and henna are good quality. (Me): Could you explain the difference between Indian style designs and Arabic style henna? (Old lady): Indian styles of henna are usually filled with lacy paisleys or flowers and everyday shapes from daily Indian life such as the mango and the peacock. Arabic style is usually a large floral that will have more open space, and the designs will not have a motif like faces or peacocks. Both styles of henna are amazingly beautiful. (me): Is it easy to apply henna yourself? What’s the process? ((Old lady): If you want to apply the henna yourself, you can purchase paste already made or mix it yourself. Henna Caravan sells henna ready to use inside applicator bottles and our Create kits let you mix your own. Which ever you choose, all you have to do is: * Fill your applicator, clean the skin and you are ready to begin. * After the paste is applied, leave the henna on the skin for four to six hours and scrape it off leaving the dyed skin. * The stain will continue to darken over the next 36 hours, and you will have great henna. Tools and Supplies (Me): What tools and implements are needed to create a henna tattoo? (Old lady): You can use a hand rolled cone, a jacquard applicator bottle or other bottle to apply henna. Henna has been applied with sticks, rolled into strings and pressed on the skin, taped areas or stencils and paintbrushes may also be used. (me): Are there any starter kits that are a good investment for a beginning henna artist? (Old lady): I think the Henna Caravan kit is a perfect beginner kit. It comes complete with everything you need to have a successful henna experience – bottles, premium henna, wonderful essential oils and all the tool and tips and patterns to get you started. The jacquard bottle is easy to refill. (me): What rituals or occasions are most popular for henna art? (Old lady): In our experience birthday parties are most popular for every age along with graduation parties and Bar/Bat mitzvahs, Blessing ways are also great fun and so relaxing for everyone. (Me): Summer is a great time of year to flaunt a henna tattoo. If someone is on the fence but wants to experiment with their first henna design, what’s your favorite placement and artwork style? (Old lady): Get something you like whether it is flowers or skulls or geometric patterns, and put it on your ankle or up the leg. If you want more, just repeat the pattern; make three flowers instead of one, so it flows on the body. (Me): Why are some henna darker than others? (Old lady): Mostly this depends on how the henna has been stored. Henna leaves plucked straight off the plant will leave the darkest stain. Leaves that have been powdered need to be carefully preserved; powdered henna that is kept cold in an airtight container is best in my experience. Henna has, today, become a part of all major festivals and celebration. Be it, Purim, Eid, Diwali, Karva Chauth, Passover, Nowruz or Mawlid, it has graced every occasion with its presence. Celebrations like wedding, birth of a baby and birthdays seem to be incomplete without the ceremony of henna. Brides, in the present time, typically have the most complex patterns of henna, to express their greatest joy and wishes for luck. With an improved technology being used for its cultivation, henna available today, has an enhanced dye content and greater artistic potential than earlier.

Discrimination: Racism

Many conferences have been organized especially by the United Nations to discuss the issue of discrimination in different perspectives. Discrimination has been a setback in many nations especially in the West, like America where there is an influx of people from different parts of the world. In this paper, discrimination will be elaborated. The focus will be on racism as a type of discrimination. Scientist hold the opinion that races came into being as a result of family groups living together over a period of time. The different races of human beings can therefore live together.The impact of racism will be assessed and possible solutions recommended. Introduction Discrimination is described as that act of people treating others based on their differences regardless of their individual merits. This is practised in religion, race, disability, gender, ethnicity, age, height and employment amongst others. This judgement could be positive or negative. Positive discrimination is the discr imination based on merit (also called differentiating) while the negative discrimination is based on factors like race and religion.Negative discrimination is however the common form of discrimination in spite of the fact that this is illegal in many Western societies just like many other societies. Despite being illegal, discrimination is still rampant in different forms in many parts of the world. The most common form of discrimination is racial discrimination, also referred to as racism. This is destructive. It is the act of basing treatment on the racial origin of an individual (Randal, 2008). Racism is influenced by social, political, historical and economic factors.It has so many definitions due to its various forms. It involves social values, institutional practices and individual attitudes. It changes with response to social change. The basis of racism is the belief that some individuals are superior due to their ethnicity, race or nationality. It is a social phenomenon and not scientific. Some of the racist behaviors include xenophobia, racial vilification, ridicule and physical assault. Racism could be practised intentionally (direct discrimination) or unintentionally making some groups to be disadvantaged (indirect racial discrimination).Racism is enhanced either individually or institutionally. Institutionally, it involves systems in life such as education, employment, housing and media aimed at perpetuating and maintaining power and the well being of a group at the expense of another. It is a more subtle form of discrimination since it involves respected forces in the society. Individual racism involves treating people differently on the basis of their race. It is the deliberate denial of power to a person or a group of persons. The above two forms of racism refer to race as the determining factor in human capacities and traits.There is no clear cut distinction between racial and ethnic discrimination and this is still a debate among anthropologis ts. Institutional racism is also referred to as structural, systemic or state discrimination. It is socially or politically structured. As indicated early, the perpetrators are corporations, governments, organizations and educational institutions which are influential in the lives of individuals. It is the systematic policies and the organizational practices that disadvantage certain races or ethnic groups.From the statistics given in 2005 on the US, it is evident that the Whites are highly regarded while the African Americans are looked down upon by the society. Their household incomes differ greatly ($50,984, $33,627, $35,967 and $30,858 for Whites, Native Americans, Latinos and African Americans respectively). Their poverty rates follow suit with that of the African Americans being thrice that of the Whites. Unlike the Whites, the other groups attend underfunded schools. Their living environments are below standards compounded by poorly paying jobs and high unemployment rates.The employment in the labor market is disproportional in favor of the Whites. Le Duff (2000) describes a situation in a slaughterhouse where a White boss just sits in his glass office only to come out when the day is almost over to double the workload for the workers. The Black workers are overworked if only to meet the company's target of pork production. It is important to note that this Smithfield Packing Company is the largest plant in the world in pork production. The workers, who are Blacks however do not feel any positive impact of the company as they are overworked and mistreated by their white boss.It is common for the boss to unleash his anger on the workers and they seem to have very little power to take any action against this. The immigrants are another category of those who are socially discriminated. They are the lowest in the society's stratification and are the ones to do the low forms of jobs considered ‘dirty work'. This is social racism. The wages they get fro m these jobs are very low and minimal or no benefits at all. Since the 1996 welfare reform was passed by the Congress, all the legal immigrants have had to do without federal programs like Medicaid and Supplemental Security Income.Sonneman (1992) describes a community of immigrants who have to deal with racial discrimination from the natives. These immigrants have poor jobs as pickers. They do not have adequate food and have to work extra hard in their jobs to earn a living. The natives overcharge them for basic commodities. An example is that of the picker who was charged five dollars instead of three dollars for the groceries he bought at the store. A gallon of milk is also charged at 30 cents higher than in town. They are however so powerless that they can do nothing about it.These pickers flock in this remote area and not in the town which is only a mile and a half away because of the high cost of living in the town. Berube A. and Berube F. (1997), give an example of their famil y who lived in trailer coaches as dictated by their economical capability. In South Africa, racism was rampant just like in many other African countries under colonial rule. From 1948 to 1994, the apartheid system denied the non-whites their basic rights. The whites who were the minority were allowed to keep certain areas for themselves without permission thus locking out the blacks.Schools taught the subjects meant for Africans in Afrikaans. Other than the protests by many countries and the United Nations, the South Africans protested against these systems leading to many deaths as the police fought them back. However, in 1994, this was brought to an end with Nelson Mandela becoming the president, allowing equal rights for both the blacks and the whites. The racial stereotypes who propagate racism by the belief that other races are better than others are said to propagate individual racism (Hanshem, 2007). Stigma is closely related to discrimination.In the interview by Rodgers, it is revealed that those women who came from well-off families found it more difficult going to welfare unlike their counterparts from poorer backgrounds who had children to look after with no child support. According to sociology, stigma is the act of a society discrediting an individual. It is the disapproval of an individual's character or what they believe in that goes against cultural norms. Examples include illegitimacy, mental or physical disabilities, nationality affiliations, illnesses, religious affiliations and ethnicity.Stigma could be based on external deformations such as scars and other physical manifestations like leprosy and obesity. The other form is based on traits such as drug addiction. Lastly is tribal stigma that involve ethnicity, nationality or religion. There are some factors that indicate racism. Among them are refusing to work with a specific group of people. Others would spread racist propaganda or racist comments. People who physically assault or harass o thers are considered racists. Discriminatory policies or procedures are an indicator of racism. The effects of racism cannot be ignored.Healthcare among the racially discriminated is poor or non-existent. For instance, the 1999 Centre on Budget Priorities study showed that 46% of the non-citizen immigrant children could not access health insurance unlike the natives' children. Racism lowers an individual's self esteem. When someone disregards another because of the skin color or religion, their self-esteem is lowered. It could be ignored if it happens at once, but if it persists, it negatively influences the confidence of an individual. Children skip schools because of such effects. Learning thus becomes difficult.In an attempt to suppress the factors that make them discriminated against, they try to change their religion, skin colour, hair color and even stop trusting people. Others resort to learning foreign languages and their respective accents to cover up their ethnicities so a s to identify with the race that is considered superior. In some cases, surgery has been undertaken to conform to the societal demands. One problem that has been cited is lack of education on racism. An educated individual is aware that there is need for different people if learning is to take place.Then, if one is to experience the positive impact of education, appreciating other people around will be of importance. Otherwise, discriminating people could lead to lack of expertise knowledge in some specific areas. It is thus important to sensitize the community on the importance of each and every person. Education will go a long way to even help those who are being educated to appreciate who they are. On the same note, schools and other learning institutions should provide an all-inclusive environment which would accommodate people of different ethnic affiliations (Einfeld, 1997).Then, they should meet their specific needs based on their linguistic and cultural backgrounds. Religiou s solutions could be sought where necessary. In Islam for instance, Qua'ran teaches against racism. If these people with religious affiliations are allowed to practise their religion freely, then this could curb racism. Thus, all religions should be respected and given the chance to conduct their practices. The responsible authorities are endowed with the duty of coming up with laws that prohibits racism. There have been conventions and conferences where these laws are discussed and drafted.The United Nations has been on the forefront in implementing these rules. It is not adequate enough to only discuss these issues. They should come up with solutions that could be implemented. Conclusion No one can dare deny the effect that racism has had in various states. it is only wise to face the problem head on and find the right solutions. a solution must be found to curb this problem once and for all. it calls for the efforts by every member of the society to assume their respective roles and do what is expected of them.

Martin Luther King Jr. And Gandhi - 1132 Words

There are many people who believe in a philosophy of nonviolence, while others not so much. Two people who have transposed the civil movement of the world dramatically through the philosophy of nonviolence are Martin Luther King Jr. and Mohandas K. Gandhi. While there are many pros to nonviolence, there are just as many cons. Somehow these two people managed to impact millions of people’s lives and still continue to do so today. Through all of the negativity and discrimination these two people became leaders in our society’s eyes and still remain as role models in our society now. There are always pros and cons to being a leader to millions, but Martin Luther King Jr. and Gandhi’s â€Å"non-traditional† non-violence philosophy triumphed over it all for the greater good of the people. â€Å"What is the philosophy of nonviolence?† According to Nonviolence on the Peace Pledge Union Website: Nonviolence means abstaining from the use of physical force to achieve an aim. It is a philosophy, a principle, and a practice. As an ethical philosophy, it upholds the view that moral behaviour excludes the use of violence; as a political philosophy it maintains that violence is self-perpetuating and can never provide a means to a securely peaceful end. As a principle, it supports the pacifist position that war and killing are never justifiable. As a practice it has been used by pacifists and non-pacifists alike to achieve social change and express resistance to oppression. (ppu.org.uk) Both MartinShow MoreRelatedMohandas Gandhi vs. Martin Luther King Jr.1935 Words   |  8 PagesMohandas Gandhi vs. Martin Luther King Jr. People all over the world know that Mohandas Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr. did great things in their life times. But which one was more effective during his time? 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That gift was the light of Non-Violence, of Service to theRead MoreHenry David Thoreau, Gandhi, and Martin Luther King Jr.s Use of Civil Disobedience562 Words   |  2 Pagesdictionary, the definition of civil disobedience is the â€Å"refusal to obey governmental demands or commands especially as a nonviolent and usually collective means of forcing concessions from the government.† Men such as Henry David Thoreau, Gandhi, and Martin Luther King Jr. have all used forms of civil disobedience and nonviolent protest to make changes in the world. These changes have made huge impacts on our societies and how we are able to live our everyday lives. Without these three men and their practiceRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr. And Gandhi1437 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the most inspirational books written that influenced people such as Martin Luther King Jr. and Gandhi is Civil Disobedience. Written by Henry D. 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