Wednesday, August 26, 2020

Research methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Examination strategies - Essay Example Burnout at work can occur for various reasons and in various conditions. It typically happens when individuals are giving a lot at their working environment and getting next to no consequently. The little return could be the nonappearance of thanks, prizes, and social cooperations (Schaufeli and Enzmann, 1998) Research propose that negative evaluations at work for the most part lead to a phase where representatives begin feeling burnout and experience the ill effects of the idea that they can’t offer any longer to their occupations. The negative examinations could be from chiefs just as partners. Representatives understand left from rest of the working environment associates after such examination and feel let down.(Kohan and Mazmanian, 2003) One of the investigates in human assistance division extending 5 years and including 2,391 representatives from all pieces of the callings discovered some fascinating realities about work copy out. The examination found that there can be three sorts of work burnout; they are identified with work, client, and individual life. A few callings had work burnout because of office related remaining burden and stress, others calling in which connection with clients was immediate and everyday schedule had client related burnout, last however not the least; individual burnout occurs in all callings of human assistance segment. The examination additionally discovered a few punishments because of burnout which included poor state of being, low occupation fulfillment and non-participation at work. These results extended from passionate to physical harm contingent upon the circumstance. (Borritz et al., 2006) It is prominent that the issues at working environment are brought about by additional remaining task at hand as well as by less thankfulness and low feeling of achievement. This typically prompts mental issues, much of the time individuals quit their employments or take early retirement so as to get their life back. (Bottom , 1993) It was clarified in an examination the passionate weariness is one of the key reasons why individuals feel burnout at employments. Associations neglect to understand that

Saturday, August 22, 2020

4-MAT Book Review Essay

Conceptual Wheelan (2013) recognizes the four phases of group advancement and gives point by point clarification of how a gathering changes itself from a phase one gathering of vulnerability into a fruitful, profoundly profitable stage four group. This requires work and an intensive comprehension of the numerous inward/outer impacts that can happen during each stage. A colleague or pioneer who is knowledgeable in these stages and who can develop with each stage will be better furnished to manage potential obstructions that can thwart bunch progress and execute practices to help the gathering effectively work through a specific stage. The objective is for the gathering to turn into a group that will esteem the significance of everyone’s commitment inside the gathering and how it identifies with the general capacity of the gathering to effectively achieve the mission. As this is accomplished, the work will no longer feel like an errand as colleagues support, rouse, and have a ton of fun fi nishing undertakings and accomplishing the ideal result (Wheelan, 2013). In the main phase of gathering advancement, named reliance and incorporation, colleagues are needy upon the assigned pioneer to give a feeling of having a place and with make a situation where individuals have a sense of security enough to propose new thoughts (Wheelan, 2013). The general objective of stage one gathering improvement is the capacity to make a sheltered and comprehensive condition for all individuals as some may encounter certain conduct qualities related with sentiments of uncertainty and a need to feel remembered for the gathering. Stage one individuals may feel fearful about sharing their thoughts until they feel that the earth is protected to share and that their info is esteemed (Wheelan, 2013). As individuals work through the gathering one phase, they will turn out to be increasingly positive about their job and start to depend less in the group chief for input. Moreover, bunch individuals will start to straightforwardly share their thoughts, which thus may make struggle inside the gathering as various perspectives and qualities will start to be tested among bunch individuals. Albeit awkward, this possibly unpredictable however important piece of stage two gathering improvement will prompt an expanded trust among bunch individuals. Wheelan (2013) clarifies, â€Å"Only through compromise and the improvement of a brought together perspective on the group’s reason and procedures can genuine coordinated effort be achieved† (p. 28). During stage two gathering advancement, the group head and group members’ capacity to oversee compromise will decide if the gathering succeeds or falls flat. During stage three, individuals from the gathering focus in and start to concentrate on the main job. Consciences are left behind colleagues start to detect a more clear image of individual and group objectives and correspondence turns out to be more assignment situated (Wheelan, 2013). As stage three gatherings create, efficiency is expanded and connections are fortified as the gathering would now be able to move to arrange four effectively on the off chance that they proceed to oversee and alter group jobs and obligations, resolve strife, and get useful analysis with a receptive outlook. Solid Response As an adolescent chief, I was entrusted with framing a service group to work with school-matured youngsters running in ages from 8 to 19 years old. As a District Fire Chief for a huge local group of fire-fighters, I accepted that this assignment would be like shaping a group that reacts to crisis calls; in any case, there were a few things that I would ignore at first that would end up being difficult learning open doors as I advanced through my service group building experience. Initially, and presumably generally significant, was the way that I expected that everybody presenting with me had an away from of what our objective was as youth pioneers; to share the good news of Christ through beauty filled enthusiasm showed by affection, empathy, comprehension and consolation. I despite everything recollect our first gathering as I distributed data with respect to the good book study material we would utilize. As I clarified the schedule and the subtleties of the investigation itself, Joey, one of the volunteers, asked, â€Å"What is it that we are attempting to achieve through this study?† I clarified that the destinations were recorded in the bundle and thatâ everyone ought to acclimate themselves altogether with the material gave. As Wheelan (2013) clarifies, it is the group leader’s duty during stage one to set up characterized objectives and to recognize explicit colleague jobs and how they will add to the general arrangement. This mistake on my part prompted disarray, disappointment, and sadly the takeoff of a portion of the adolescent volunteers, as they didn't feel that the estimation of their information was considered nor was an away from of what our motivation was clarified. Study Wheelan (2013) gives numerous genuine instances of what to do in specific conditions that manage security and incorporation, compromise, distinguishing jobs and duties, and cultivating esprit de corps during bunch advancement. Furthermore, she recognizes the positive qualities that ought to be shown by both colleagues and group pioneers the same, for example, including different individuals in the administration of the gathering and effectively partaking in accomplishing goals. While the quality of this book is shown in the numerous models given by the writer of what to do if a specific circumstance emerges, this writer was interested with respect to what a group head or part would do if a colleague must be excused for horrible showing? While this is something that this creator would not have any desire to ever understanding, I am interested concerning whether Wheelan has ever encountered this in her investigations and by what method may a pioneer or colleague manage this issue? Anot her thought that this creator accepts impacts bunch elements is financial and social decent variety. While the previously mentioned positive character characteristics for pioneers and colleagues are only a couple of the many gave in this content, Creating Effective Teams doesn't address the inward and outside impacts that are ever-present in bunches through financial and social assorted variety. This creator accepts that these two impacts alone ought to be firmly thought of, as gathering cohesiveness will rely to a great extent on an intensive comprehension of how an individual’s perspective impacts their view of other gathering individuals and their individual job inside the gathering. Activity Clear brief imparted objectives that clarify the reason, the crucial, how every part will add to the general arrangement is the main activity thatâ this creator wishes to achieve. Building up a safe comprehensive condition at the beginning of gathering advancement is essential to part investment as this creator intends to meet with both the young service and love service group in the up and coming week to empower colleague input and to recognize jobs, obligations, and a bound together statement of purpose. Preparing colleagues in both my service and the local group of fire-fighters I work for in how to viably oversee bunch strife is an extra activity plan that this creator wants to accomplish. Understanding that contention isn't really a terrible thing and that great can emerge out of differences is significant for everybody to consider when constructing our group. This creator feels that this activity will open up another line of correspondence for people inside my group to voice their interests and contribute effectively to the gathering with true trustworthiness. The third activity that this creator might want to accomplish is to turn into a pioneer who advances with the gathering as it creates through each stage. The starting phases of the group’s advancement will expect me to be increasingly self-assured; nonetheless, the capacity to develop as a pioneer to a more advisor job is the place this creator intends to make a move. As indicated by Wheelan (2013) as I permit individuals to partake in the authority capacity of the gathering, the probability that the gathering will succeed is expanded. Reference Wheelan, S. A. (2013) Creating successful groups: A guide for individuals and pioneers. Thousand Oaks: CA. Sage Publications, Inc.

Tuesday, August 18, 2020

MIT Regular Action Admissions Decisions Available Online

MIT Regular Action Admissions Decisions Available Online MIT Regular Action admissions decisions are now available at https://decisions.mit.edu. decisions.mit.edu You can log in using the same username and password that you use to log into your MyMIT account. There are no interim screens, so you should be sure you are ready to receive your decision online before logging in to decisions.mit.edu. Admissions decisions will be available exclusively online. To reiterate: dont wait for decisions to arrive via email or snail mail, as we do not plan to send out admissions decisions in this way this year. (Admitted students will receive information on their financial aid package and Campus Preview Weekend in the mail next week) This year, we received 15,661 applications for admission, a record number for us and a 17% increase over last year. We admitted 1597 students for an admit rate of 10%, or about one of every ten applicants. We have offered a place on the waitlist to 454 students. We on the admissions committee put our heart and soul, and our best judgment, into every decision, and most decisions are extremely difficult. Most students who applied to MIT this year were excellent matches for MIT, and most were extremely qualified. Our task is to choose from these many, many excellent applicants to bring together a class. I know I speak for all of the admissions officers when I say that this has been a very difficult admissions process because of the large numbers of very, very qualified applicants. It made reading the applications a joy, but it made turning away students that much harder. Thank you for applying! Well have more to say about the process for the admitted students, waitlisted students, and the not admitted students in the days and weeks to come. In the meantime, well provide open threads today for all three groups. Post Tagged #Pi Day #Regular Action MIT Regular Action Admissions Decisions available online MIT Regular Action admissions decisions are now available at https://decisions.mit.edu. decisions.mit.eduYou can log in using the same username and password that you use to log into your MyMIT account. There are no interim screens, so you should be sure you are ready to receive your decision online before logging in to decisions.mit.edu. Admissions decisions will be available exclusively online. Admitted students will receive information on their financial aid package and Campus Preview Weekend in the mail next week. The numbers: Applications: 16,632 (6.2% increase over last year) Admitted students: 1,611 2010 admit rate: 9.7% Waitlisted students: 722 Represented: 50 states and 59 countries The record number of applications means that the admissions committee has worked harder than ever to choose the Class of 2014. We have put our heart and soul, and our best judgment, into every decision, and most decisions are extremely difficult. Most students who applied to MIT this year were excellent matches for MIT, and most were extremely qualified. Our task is to choose from these many, many excellent applicants to bring together a class. I know I speak for all of the admissions officers when I say that this has been a very difficult admissions process because of the large numbers of very, very qualified applicants. It made reading the applications a joy, but it made turning away students that much harder. Thank you for applying! Well have more to say about the process for the admitted students, waitlisted students, and the not admitted students in the days and weeks to come. In the meantime, well provide open threads today for all three groups.

Sunday, May 24, 2020

Stakeholder Concerns Corporate Management - 1619 Words

Stakeholder Concerns Investors For most investors, the primary concern is profit on their Calfrac investment. However, a certain group of investors also consider social good as an issue of great importance and as a result, practice social investing. Another major concern for an overwhelming majority of investors is the amount of risk they take on. These investors consider the amount of risk an ownership stake in a company entails and choose not to invest in companies that are over exposed to a single industry, have a track record of inefficient management or are operating in a dying industry etc. Calfrac has recently disclosed that its board of directors have approved a $12 million plan to further the expansion in Latin America (Healing, 2015). This shows that Calfrac’s management is committed to making the company more valuable thus satisfying the investors’ need for a strong ROI. The expansion also reduces Calfrac’s risk due to the fact that it is becoming more diversified and won’t take substantial losses in case one of its regional operations face a downturn. To satisfy ethical investors, Calfrac has taken a strong lean towards corporate social responsibility. The company makes an effort to reduce its environmental footprint through the use of efficient technology and was recognized by United Way as a â€Å"Community Builder† in 2014, further increasing Calfrac’s reputation as a socially responsible company. 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This paper discusses the ways in which accountability contributes to corporate governance and vice versa, and the mechanisms by which organizations may become more accountable and transparent. Corporate governance and accountability are often interrelated in organizations and provides a focus for business practices that promote fairness, ethical behavior, andRead MoreRanking the Key Principles of Corporate Governance1579 Words   |  7 Pageson ranking of the key principles of corporate governance. The topic will be covered from the perspective of Australian listed companies, which are subject to regulation by the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX). The ASX Corporate Governance Council defines corporate governance as â€Å"the framework of rules, relationships, systems and processes within and by which authority is exercised and controlled in corporations† (ASX 2007 p3). 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According to Stenberg (1996), this stakeholder theory, is basically not capable to provide better corporate governance. He also stated that, this theory is unable to provide a better view of business performance (Edward Reed, 1983). Currently, the stakeholder theory has been grown up from its origin and seen as the conceptRead MoreEssay on Company Q’s Attitude Toward Social Responsibility1365 Words   |  6 Pagestoward the outdated shareholder model, rather than the stakeholder interaction model of corporate governance, as well as a significant lack of concern for the fundamental wellbeing of some of its primary stakeholders. Arguably, however, even the shareholders themselves may ultimately be frustrated in realizing the maximum potential return on their investment in this company due to lost opportunities as a result of Company Q’s poor corporate citizenship and failures to achieve social responsibilityRead MoreRepresentation Of A Stakeholder From A Corporation1493 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Within a company, a stakeholder is a person who has a specific interest in a project or ventures that exist within. Typically, the primary stakeholder of a major corporation is the employers, customers, suppliers, and even investors (2012 Report on Sustainable and Responsible Investing Trends in the United States, 2012). However, with a more modern and contemporary premise the more conservative idea to embrace other stakeholders to include people from the community, representatives of theRead MorePreventing Conflict And Ethical Issues1596 Words   |  7 Pagesaccomplish the wealth in the finest concern of the stockholders (Boshkoska, 2015). In such kind of establishments, clash of importance may happen amid the supervisors as well as the stockholders. Having additional data regarding the function of the organization, chiefs may utilize it in settling on choices for their own advantage, which then again can t be as useful for the shareholders. Irreconcilable circumstance for interes t amid supervisors and stakeholders prompts supposed organization conflictRead MoreApple, Inc. : An American International Corporation Essay718 Words   |  3 Pagesservices and personal computers. The purpose of Apple, Inc. is to uphold and endure their quality. The company and the current market circumstances in which Apple, Inc. manages change swiftly and these variations have dictated rapid fluctuations in management. (Successful Companies, 2016). There most successful products would include Apple TV, the OSX, iPod/iPhone and Mac amid other products. Apple products are to be unique and of high quality and services. Apple products are very unique in nature byRead MoreStakeholder Conflicts Essay1073 Words   |  5 PagesStakeholder Conflicts in Organizations Chris Lindquist Grand Canyon University: ORG-807 June 25, 2013 Introduction This paper will discuss how non-profit and for-profit organizations manage the interests, opinions, and concerns of their stakeholders. Additionally, this paper will address the management differences that exist between for-profit and non-profit organizations. A set of research questions will be presented to research the effectiveness of the management techniques employed

Wednesday, May 13, 2020

Dr. Mary Shelly s Frankentein And The 1994 Adaptation...

Kaila Mines Professor Star Mary Shelly vs Baranagh Mary Shelly’s â€Å"Frankentein† and the 1994 adaptation of the novel have many similarities and also many differences. Differences focus mainly on death and the similarities focus on the plot structure. The similarities override the differences because the overall plot structure stayed the same. The changes of how people died is one major difference that Branagh had taken away from the original novel. In the book, Victors mother dies from scarlet fever that she has gotten from Elizabeth. As quoted from the book, â€Å"She died calmly, and her countenance expressed affection even in death. I need not describe the feelings of those whose dearest ties are rent by that most irreparable evil, the void that presents itself to the soul, and the despair that is exhibited on the countenance.† In the movie, Victor’s mother dies from childbirth. Victor is far less affected by the death of his mother in the novel than the movie. In the movie he creates Frankenstei n as one of the results of the death of his mother. This is one major difference that is displayed. Within the movie version, another major difference regarding the death of a character is involving Elizabeth, who he then turned into a monster to be a friend for the original creature that Victor had created. When Elizabeth discovered that she was not alive anymore, and how horrendous she thought she portrayed herself and the monster, she killed herself. In the novel, the

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

The Discarded Image Free Essays

The Discarded Image (Rewrite) â€Å"The Discarded Image: An Introduction to Medieval and Renaissance Literature† by C. S. Lewis is not just an introduction of the Medieval and Renaissance period, as the subtitle suggests, but rather an overview of the cultural background of that time period. We will write a custom essay sample on The Discarded Image or any similar topic only for you Order Now C. S. Lewis describes â€Å"the model† or â€Å"the image† of the universe as it was thought to be during the Renaissance and the Middle Ages. Their way of thinking was completely different from ours in our â€Å"Modern World† point of view. Their perception of the Universe was a â€Å"single, complex, harmonious mental model† (Lewis), unlike our scientific discoveries and newly formulated theories bout the universe. Instead of theories, they believed in these principles or ideas that explained their way of viewing things. Hierarchy, ordered scale in which everything is connected but has a certain order, and Body and Soul, the idea that everything has a soul and there are three different kinds of souls, are two of these principles. Hierarchy explains the order in which everything is or should be, as well as how everything is co-related. During the middle ages, it was thought that â€Å"everything has its right place, its home, the region that suits it† (Lewis, 92). The people of medieval and Renaissance period came up with the order of the universe, â€Å"Earth, moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn†. They thought that everything revolved around the Earth; they believed that the Earth was the center of the universe, and they believed that everything was pulled towards the Earth. The â€Å"force† responsible for this attraction was the Primium Mobile or the First moveable, â€Å"everything proceeds from Him (God)† (Brand), â€Å"its existence was inferred to account for the motion of all others† (Lewis, 96). Since everything has its purpose and space, it also has its own different soul. For example, because the different things or bodies have a different place and purpose they have different souls: â€Å"Man is a rational animal†¦Rational soul, which gives man his peculiar position, is not the only kind of soul† (Lewis, 152-153). Plants have a Vegetable soul, its main purpose is to grow and spread out. Animals, not human, have a sensitive soul: has the same â€Å"powers† as the Vegetable soul but has sentience in addition. nevertheless these three, Rational, Sensitive, and Vegetable souls, portrayed the synthesis between science, imagination, and theology that was very important in the Medieval and Renaissance period: â€Å"the real of science was the real of imaginations which was the real of religion, etc. † (Brand) C. S. Lewis in his book â€Å"The Discarded Image: An Introduction to Medieval and Renaissance Literature† points out the way the universe was viewed in the middle ages. Lewis explains all the ideas and principles that made up the middle ages so different from our Modern World. During the Middle ages Hierarchy was very important; everything has its place and purpose but at the same time it was believed that everything was a unit. The idea of Body and Soul was just as important; since everything has its own purpose it must have its own soul. How to cite The Discarded Image, Papers

Monday, May 4, 2020

History Of Popular Culture Essay Example For Students

History Of Popular Culture Essay What were the functions of popular festivals, etc. in Early Modern Europe?And why did the authorities, civil and ecclesiastical seek to control orsuppress them?In Early Modern Europe festivals were the setting for heroes and theirstories, to be celebrated by the populace. They posed a change from theireveryday life. In those days people lived in remembrance of one festivaland in expectance of the next. Different kinds of festivals were celebratedin different ways. There were festivals that marked an individual occasionand werent part of the festival calendar, like family festivals such asweddings and christenings. Some took place at the same time every year andwere for everyone, like community festivals like the different saintsdays. Pilgrimages took place all year round. Annuals festivals likeChristmas and Midsummer always took place on the same day every year. In those days the average village in Western Europe celebrated at least 17festivals annually, not counting family occasions and saints days. Somefestivals, such as Carnival, lasted several days or sometimes even severalweeks. In the Netherlands Carnival started every year at the 11th ofNovember (St. Martin) and culminated in a big festival of Dranck,pleijsier ende vrouwen (Drink, fun and women) at the end of the Carnivalperiod, preceding the period of Lent. Festivals were meant to take the minds of the people off their everydaylife , off the hard times and their work. Everyday life in Early ModernEurope was filled with rituals, both religious and secular. Songs andstories played an important role in their lives, although they sometimesadjusted the details of the legends and stories to fit the way they thoughta certain festival should take place. Popular culture was mixed with ecclesiastical culture in many ways. Thestory of St. John the Baptist is a good example of this. The ancient ritualof bathing and lighting fires during Midsummers Eve was a remnant of aritual from the pre-Christian period. Fire and water, symbols ofpurification, could be seen as the tools of St. John the Baptist, andtherefore a combination of the two elements of popular and ecclesiasticalculture was obvious. It looks as if the Medieval Church took over thefestival and made it theirs. The same thing happened to the MidwinterFestival, which became linked with the birth of Christ, on 25 December. There are many more examples to be found, such as the connection betweenSt. Martin and geese caused by the fact that the St. Martins Day (11November) coincided with the period during which the people used to killtheir geese in the period preceding the Christian period. Carnival plays a special role in popular culture in Early Modern Europe. It is a great example of a festival of images and texts. It was a popularfestival, taking on different forms in different regions of Europe. Asidefrom regional variations, these differences were also caused by factorssuch as the climate, the political situation and the economical situationin an area. On a whole Carnival started in late December or early January and reachedits peak upon approaching Lent. The actual feast, taking place at the endof the festive period, could take days and would usually involve large quantities of foodand drinks. The festival took place in the open air in the centre of atown or city. Within a region, the way Carnival was celebrated varied fromtown to town. The festival was a play, with the streets as a stage and the people asactors and spectators. They often depicted everyday life scenes and madefun of them. Informal events took place throughout the Carnival period. There was massive eating and drinking, as a way of stocking up for Lent. People sang and danced in the streets, using the special songs of Carnival,and people wore masks and fancy-dress. There was verbal aggression, insultswere exchanged and satirical verses were sung. More formally structures events were concentrated in the last days of theCarnival period. These events took places in the central squares and wereoften organised by clubs or fraternities. The main theme during Carnival was usually The World Upside Down. Situations got turned around. It was an enactment of the world turnedupside down. Men dressed up as women, women dressed up as men, the richtraded places with the poor, etc. There was physical reversal: peoplestanding on their heads, horses going backwards and fishes flying. Therewas reversal of relationships between man and beast: the horse shoeing themaster or the fish eating the fisherman. The other reversal was that ofrelationships between men: servants giving orders to their masters or menfeeding children while their wives worked the fields. Many events centred on the figure of Carnival, often depicted as a fatman, cheerful and surrounded by food. The figure of Lent, for contrast,often took the form of a thin, old woman, dressed in black and hung withfish. These depictions varied in form and name in the different regions inEurope. A recurring element was the performance of a play, usually a farce. Mock battles were also a favourite pass-time during the Carnival period. Carnival usually ended with the defeat of Carnival by Lent. This couldhappen in the form of the mock trial and execution of Carnival, (Bologna,Italy, 16th century), the beheading of a pig (Venice, Italy), or the burialof a sardine (Madrid, Spain). Sex Education: A Necessity in Public Schools Argum EssayMissionaries on both sides worked in Europe to install their religiousvalues in the local people. Reformers on both sides objected in particularto certain elements in popular religion. Festivals were part of popularreligion or were at least disguised as an element of popular religion. Thefestival of Martinmas (11 November) was a good example of this. What were the objections of the authorities against these elements ofpopular culture in general and popular religion in particular? There weretwo essential religious objections. Firstly, the majority of festivals wereseen as remnants of ancient paganism. Secondly, the festivals offered thepeople an occasion to over-indulge in immoral or offensive behaviour, atmany occasions attacking the establishment (both ecclesiastical and civil). The first objection meant that reformers disliked many of the popularcustoms because they contained traces of ancient customs dating frompre-Christian times. Protestant reformers went very far in theirobjections, even denouncing a number of Catholic rituals as beingpre-Christian survivals, considering the saints as successors of pagan godsand heroes, taking over their curative and protective functions. Magic wasalso considered a pagan remnant: the Protestants accused the Catholics ofpractising a pagan ritual by claiming that certain holy places held magicalpowers and could cure people. The reformers denounced the rituals they didnt find fitting as beingirreverent and blasphemous. Carnival and the charivaris were consideredthe work of the devil, because it made a mockery of certain godlyelements the Church held sacred. The reformers thought people who didnthonour God in their way to be heathen, doomed to spend their afterlife ineternal damnation. Flamboyance was to be chased out of all religiousaspects of culture, and, where possible, out of all other aspects of life,according to the Protestant doctrine. In some areas, gesturing duringchurch services was banned, as was laughter. All these things were seen asirreverent, making a mockery of religion. All these changes were introduced in order to create a sharper separationbetween the sacred and the profane. The ecclesiastical authorities wereout to destroy the traditional familiarity with the sacred becausefamiliarity breeds irreverence.The objection against popular recreations stemmed from the idea that theywere vanities, displeasing God because they were a waste of time andmoney and distracted people from going to church. This objection was sharedby both the ecclesiastical and civil authorities. The latter mainlyobjected because it distracted the populace from their work, which in turnaffected the revenues of the leading upper classes, or from otheractivities that were benefiting the rich, reasons that would vary perregion. Catholic and Protestant reformers were not equally hostile to popularculture, nor were they hostile for quite the same reasons. Protestantreformers were more radical, denouncing festivals as relics of popery andlooking to abolish feast-days as well as the feast that came with it,because they considered the saints that were celebrated during thesefestivals as remnants of a pre-Christian era. Many of these Protestantreformers were equally radical in their attacks on holy images, which theyconsidered idols. During the end of the 16th and the first half of the17th century Dutch churches were pillaged by Protestants trying to destroyall religious relics and images (de Beeldenstorm). Catholic reformers weremore modified in their actions; they tried to reach a certain modificationof popular religious culture, even trying to adapt certain elements to theCatholic way of worshipping and incorporating popular elements into theirreligion. They insisted that some times were holier than others, an d theydid object to the extend to which the holy days were celebrated with foodand drink. Some argued that it was impossible to obey the rites of Lentwith proper reverence and devotion if they had indulged in Carnival justbefore. Catholic reformers also installed rules in order to regulatecertain popular festivals and rituals, such as a prohibition on dressing upas a member of the clergy during Carnival or a prohibition on dancing orperforming plays in churches or churchyards. Contrary to the Protestantreformers however, the Catholic reformers did not set out to abolishfestivals and rituals completely. Civil authorities had their own reasons to object to popular festivals inEarly Modern Europe. Apart from taking the people away from work or otherobligations, the authorities feared that during the time of a festival, theabundance of alcohol could stir up the feelings of discontent the peoplehad been hiding all throughout the year. Misery and alcohol could create adangerous mix that would give people the courage they needed to rebelagainst authorities. This was a good reason for the authorities to try andstop, or at least control, popular festivals. BibliographyPopular Culture in Early Modern Europe; P. BurkeThe Reasons of Misrule: Youth Groups and Charivaris in 16th century France;N.Z.Davis, Past and Present 1971Order and rebellion in Tribal Africa; M. GluckmanThe waning of the Middle Ages; J. HuizingaLevend Verleden; Prof. Dr. H.P.H. JansenBlood, tears and Xavier-water: Jesuit missionaries and popular religion inthe 18th century in the Upper Palatinate; T. Johnson Popular religion inGermany and Central Europe 1400-1800